Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs that slow the body down. They are used to treat a variety of health issues. Benzodiazepines are not first-line drugs for schizophrenia. But they may help treat specific symptoms. Benzodiazepines are sometimes called “benzos.”1-3
How do benzodiazepines work?
The brain uses chemicals called neurotransmitters to send signals. These signals control thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and more. Symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be related to an imbalance of these neurotransmitters.1
Benzodiazepines increase the release of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA works to slow down many body functions. It can lead to:1,2
- Reduced anxiousness or worry
- Sleepiness or drowsiness
- Feelings of calmness or peace
These effects can be helpful in treating anxiety, sleep disorders, muscle spasms, and seizures. For people with schizophrenia, benzodiazepines may help reduce anxiety related to their condition. It is the first-line treatment for catatonia.1,3,4
Catatonia is a group of motor-related symptoms that can come along with schizophrenia. Symptoms include mimicking speech, holding awkward body postures, agitation, lack of movement, or odd repetitive movements. Catatonia can be hard to manage. But benzodiazepines may help improve quality of life for people with these symptoms.1,3,4
Examples of benzodiazepines
There are several benzodiazepines, including:1,2
- Diazepam
- Oxazepam
- Clonazepam
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Nitrazepam
- Temazepam
- Alprazolam
- Estazolam
- Lorazepam
- Midazolam
This is not a full list of all benzodiazepines. Some of these drugs are better known by their brand names, like Xanax® and Valium®.2
What are the possible side effects?
Side effects vary depending on the specific drug you are taking. Common side effects include:2
- Sleepiness or sedation
- Feelings similar to depression
- Confusion
- Memory loss
- Dry mouth
- Trouble speaking
- Blurry vision
- Dizziness
- Problems walking
- Nausea or gastrointestinal upset
These are not all the possible side effects of benzodiazepines. Do not take benzodiazepines without a prescription. Talk to your doctor about what to expect when taking benzodiazepines. You also should call your doctor if you have any changes that concern you when taking benzodiazepines.
Other things to know
Benzodiazepines are habit-forming. This means that people can become dependent on them. There also is a potential for misuse. Over time, higher doses of benzodiazepines are needed to get the same effect. It is possible to overdose, which can be life-threatening.1,2
Withdrawal symptoms can occur when stopping benzodiazepines after taking them for a long time. This can be an unpleasant and even dangerous experience. Do not stop benzodiazepines without first talking with your doctor.1,2
Benzodiazepines also can make you drowsy and affect your memory. This may make it hard to complete daily tasks. Take extra care if you do anything potentially dangerous, like operate machinery at work.1,2
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to breastfeed. Benzodiazepines may harm a developing baby.1
Benzodiazepines can interact with alcohol and other drugs. Before beginning treatment for schizophrenia, tell your doctor about all of your health conditions and any other drugs, vitamins, or supplements you are taking. This includes over-the-counter drugs.1,2